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The Classical World Religions List
There are twelve classical world religions. This is the list of religions described most often in surveys of the subject, and studied in World Religion classes (some of them more for historical rather than contemporary reasons):- Baha'i
- Buddhism
- Christianity
- Confucianism
- Hinduism
- Islam
- Jainism
- Judaism
- Shinto
- Sikhism
- Taoism
- Zoroastrianism
Islam: Contemporary figures for Islam are usually between 1 billion and 1.8 billion, with 1 billion being a figure frequently given in many comparative religion texts, probably because it's such a nice, round number. That figure appears to be dated, however. Relatively high birth rates in Muslim countries continue to make Islam a fast-growing religion. The largest and best known branches of Islam are Sunni .
Many Muslims (and some non-Muslim) observers claim that there are more practicing Muslims than practicing Christians in the world. Adherents.com has no reason to dispute this. It seems likely, but we would point out that there are different opinions on the matter, and a Muslim may define "practicing" differently than a Christian. In any case, the primary criterion for the rankings on this page is self-identification, which has nothing to do with practice.
Smaller groups within Islam include Sufis (although some Sufis regard their practice of Sufism as pan-denominational or non-denominational), Druze, the U.S.-based Nation of Islam (previously known as "Black Muslims"), and Ahmadiyya. As is true with all major religions, there are adherents within all branches of Islam who consider some of or all of the other branches heterodox or not actually part of their religion. But these classifications are based primarily on historical lineage and self-identification. Protestations and disagreements based on exclusivistic internal concepts of belief or practice are normal, but are largely immaterial with regards to historical, taxonomic and statistical classification.
Secular/Nonreligious/Agnostic/Atheist: This is a highly disparate group and not a single religion. Although atheists are a small subset of this grouping, this category is not synonymous with atheism. People who specify atheism as their religious preference actually make up less than one-half of one percent of the population in many countries where much large numbers claim no religious preference, such as the United States (13.2% nonreligious according to ARIS study of 2001) and Australia (15% nonreligious).
Hinduism: The highest figure we've seen for Hinduism (1.4 billion, Clarke, Peter B., editor), The Religions of the World: Understanding the Living Faiths, Marshall Editions Limited: USA (1993); pg. 125.) is actually higher than the highest figure we've seen for Islam. But this is an abberation. World Hinduism adherent figures are usually between 850 million and one billion.Top 10 Most Hindu Countries -
Countries with the Highest Proportion of Hindus
| Country | Percent | Number |
|---|---|---|
| Nepal | 89% | 19,000,000 |
| India | 79 | 780,000,000 |
| Mauritius | 52 | 600,000 |
| Guyana | 40 | 300,000 |
| Fiji | 38 | 300,000 |
| Suriname | 30 | 116,000 |
| Bhutan | 25 | 400,000 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 24 | 300,000 |
| Sri Lanka | 15 | 2,800,000 |
| Bangladesh | 11 | 12,000,000 |
Top 10 Largest National Hindu Populations
| Country | Percent | Number |
|---|---|---|
| India | 79% | 751,000,000 |
| Nepal | 89 | 17,380,000 |
| Bangladesh | 11 | 12,630,000 |
| Indonesia | 2.5 | 4,000,000 |
| Sri Lanka | 15 | 2,800,000 |
| Pakistan | 1.5 | 2,120,000 |
| Malaysia | 6 | 1,400,000 |
| USA | 0.2 | 910,000 |
| Mauritius | 52 | 570,000 |
| South Africa | 1.5 | 420,000 |
| United Kingdom | 1 | 410,000 |
U.S. States With Highest Proportion
of Hindus in the Population, 1990
| State | Percent |
|---|---|
| New York | 0.60% |
| New Jersey | 0.30 |
| Colorado | 0.20 |
| Georgia | 0.20 |
| Illinois | 0.20 |
| Maryland | 0.20 |
| Michigan | 0.20 |
| Nebraska | 0.20 |
| Wyoming | 0.20 |
This data set is from the 1990 National Survey of Religious Identification, conducted by the City University of New York, based on self-identification, as collected through a nationwide phone survey of 113,000 people. Although this is
the most extensive survey of it's kind, for a group as sparsely represented as Hindus in the United States, the results presented here may have very little statistical significance. Perhaps the only thing that can be reliably determined from this survey was that in 1990, New York had a higher proportion of Hindus than any other state, New Jersey seemed to be in second place, and in other U.S. states, the Hindu population was undetectable, or nearly so, using a random survey of this kind.
The appearance of Illinois, Maryland, Georgia and Michigan on this list may correspond to known clusters of Hindus in Chicago, Washington, D.C., Atlanta and Detroit. But Colorado, Nebraska and Wyoming are not known from other sources to have particularly high proportions of Hindus. The appearance of these states, as well as the others with "0.2%" may simply be a result of random chance.
Buddhism: World estimates for Buddhism vary between 230 and 500 million, with most around 350 million.
Top 10 Countries with the
Highest Proportion of Buddhists
| Country | Percent |
|---|---|
| Thailand | 95% |
| Cambodia | 90 |
| Myanmar | 88 |
| Bhutan | 75 |
| Sri Lanka | 70 |
| Tibet * | 65 |
| Laos | 60 |
| Vietnam | 55 |
| Japan ** | 50 |
| Macau | 45 |
| Taiwan | 43 |
*Tibet: I am not aware of any accurate figures regarding current adherence to Buddhism in Tibet. Prior to the Chinese invasions of 1950 the country was essentially a theocracy in which 100% of the people could be considered adherents of Tibetan Buddhism. There are estimates that up to 20% of the population were monks.
Now many non-Tibetan Chinese live in the region, the region is considered by many a province of China, many of the monks and practicing Tibetan Buddhists have fled and live in neighboring countries, and the Chinese government's active efforts to exterminate religion in the region have had significant impact.
**Should Japan be on this list? Estimates of the percentage of Japanese who are Buddhist vary widely. Perhaps 85% of the population will cite Buddhism is asked what their preferred religion is, but 75% of the population claim to be nonreligious -- to practice and believe in no religion. Frequently seen high figures of 85% or 90% of Japanese being Buddhist come primarily from birth records, following a longstanding practice of family lines being officially associated with a local Buddhist temple. Japan has a large and thriving Buddhist community, but surveys indicate it to be closer to 20% of the population. Certainly there are high numbers of nominal Buddhism and secularism in other countries on this list, but not as pervasively as in Japan.
Top 10 Largest National Buddhist Populations
| Country | Number of Buddhists |
|---|---|
| China | 102,000,000 |
| Japan | 89,650,000 |
| Thailand | 55,480,000 |
| Vietnam | 49,690,000 |
| Myanmar | 41,610,000 |
| Sri Lanka | 12,540,000 |
| South Korea | 10,920,000 |
| Taiwan | 9,150,000 |
| Cambodia | 9,130,000 |
| India | 7,000,000 |
Communist laws banning most religion and recent rapid changes introducing increasing openness make accurate estimates difficult to obtain. Recent figures for the number of "Chinese religionists" include 220 and 225 million. Barrett (World Christian Encyclopedia, 2001) classified 384,806,732 "Chinese folk-religionists," 6,298,597 "Confucianists" and 2,654,514 "Taoists," or about 394 million total.
In comparative religion texts Confucianism, Taoism and Chinese Buddhism are sometimes addressed in three separate chapters, and sometimes treated in one chapter as "Chinese religion." Even today there are very valid reasons for distinguishing Taoism from Confucianism, and distinguishing both from Chinese Buddhism and non-scriptural Chinese folk religion. For religious, philosophical, historical and scriptural purposes, distinguishing between these separate traditions is quite manageable. There are a number of people who identify themselves specifically as "Taoist" (In 1990-1991 there were 23,000 in the U.S., 1,720 in Canada, and 324 in New Zealand, for example.) There are a smaller number of people, including non-Chinese, who consciously practice a "pure" form of Taoist religion (often Tao-Te-Ching-based), unconcerned with Confucianism, Chinese folk practices, ancestor devotion, etc.
Fifty years ago religious Taoism was one of the largest, strongest institutions in China. Since the Cultural Revolution and the government's campaign to destroy non-Communist religion, Taoism lost, for the most part, the main mechanism through which it remained distinct from the larger Chinese religious environment: its large numbers of temples and Taoist clergy. Although Islam, Buddhism and Christianity have bounced back and even surpassed pre-Communist levels in China, Taoism has not. Today, despite the existence of some self-identified Taoists and pure Taoists in the West, Taoism is difficult to isolate as a large, independent religion from a statistical and sociological perspective. Hence, in this list, which is explicitly statistical and sociological in perspective, Taoism should be thought of as a major branch of Chinese traditional religion.
The situation is similar with Confucianism. In the latest edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica lists over 5 million Confucianists in its summary table of world religions. Their note explains that these are Confucianists outside of China, mostly in Korea. (The Encyclopedia lists "Chinese folk religion" separately.) It is true that recent census data show about five million Koreans name Confucianism as their religion, and there are even some Confucian schools and institutes in Korea. But the Adherents.com list leaves these Confucianists under the "Chinese traditional religion" grouping, rather than separating them based only on what country they live in.
primal-indigenous: Alternatively termed "tribal religionists, "ethnic religionists," or "animists," estimates range from 100 million to 457 million. (457 million is the combined total for "Ethnoreligionists," "Animists," and "Shamanists" from Barrett's 2001 world religion calculations. But this total includes all African Traditional religionists, which we have listed as a separate category.) This group also includes, but is not limited to, people whose native religion is a form of shamanism or paganism (such as millions of people in traditional Siberian shamanist cultures). Obviously this is broad classification, not a single religion. This grouping includes thousands of distinct religious traditions, mostly the religious-cultural worldviews of peoples who have been grouped together in one category because they are pre-literate or less advanced technologically than Western/European cultures. There are similarities among many primal-indigenous religions/cultures, such as use of an oral rather than written canon, and a lack of rigid boundaries between the sacred and secular (profane) aspects of life. But few, if any, generalizations hold for all groups.
African Traditional & African Diasporic Religions: It may seem incongruous to distinguish African primal (traditional) religions from the general primal-indigenous category. But the "primal-indigenous" religions are primarily tribal and composed of pre-technological peoples. While there is certainly overlap between this category and non-African primal-indigenous religious adherents, there are reasons for separating the two, best illustrated by focusing specifically on Yoruba, which is probably the largest African traditional religious/tribal complex. Yoruba was the religion of the vast Yoruba nation states which existed before European colonialism and its practitioners today -- certainly those in the Caribbean, South America and the U.S.-- are integrated into a technological, industrial society, yet still proclaim affiliation to this African-based religious system. Cohesive rituals, beliefs and organization were spread throughout the world of Yoruba (and other major African religious/tribal groups such as Fon), to an extent characteristic of nations and many organized religions, not simply tribes. Historians might point to Shinto and even Judaism as the modern manifestations of what originally began as the religions of tribal groups who then became nations.
Just as Yoruba may legitimately be distinguished from the general "primal-indigenous" classification, valid arguments could be made that other religious traditions such as Native American religion (less than 100,000 self-identified U.S. adherents) and Siberian shamanism should also be separate. But African traditional religion has been singled out because of its much larger size, its considerable spread far beyond its region of origin and the remarkable degree to which it remains an influential, identifiable religion even today.
African Diasporic Religions are those which have arisen, typically in the Western hemisphere, among Africans who retained much of their traditional culture and beliefs but adapted to new environments. These include Santeria, Candomble, Vodoun, Shango, etc. In many areas or subgroups the African elements exist alongside an overlay of European-based elements borrowed from the economically dominant culture, from influences such as Catholicism and Kardecian spiritism. The fact that these religions exist within technologically advanced cultures alongside "classical" organized religions (such as Christianity) is one of the reasons for grouping these adherents separately from the general "primal-indigenous" category. Adherents of African diasporic religions typically have no real tribal affiliation, may be converts to African-based religion, and are not necessarily African or black in their race and ethnicity.
Regarding Santeria alone: It is difficult to determine worldwide numbers of Santerians, as the religion is syncretistic, goes by different names (including Lukumi, and Camdomble in Brazil) and has been actively suppressed by the Communist government in the country where it is perhaps the largest: Cuba. Estimates of Santerians include 800,000 in the U.S. and one million in Brazil, plus 3 million in Cuba (although many Cuban practitioners identify themselves officially as Catholics or Communists/atheists). A worldwide number of people who at least sometimes self-identify as adherents of this loosely-organized religious category might be 3 million, but this is just an estimate.
Regarding Vodoun: For the most part, Voodoo (or "Vodoun") is not an organized religion, but a form of African traditional religion practiced primarily in Haiti, Cuba and Benin. Often blended with Catholicism. Other methods of counting adherents could count practitioners as general primal-indigenous religionists (tribal) and/or Christians. Vodoun is typically classified as an Afro-Caribbean and/or Afro-Brazilian syncretistic religion, along with Santeria (Lukumi) and Candomble. Some sources refer to Vodoun as the Haitian form of Santeria; other sources refer to Santeria as a form of Vodoun. From a worldwide and historical perspective, Vodoun is properly classified as a branch of African diasporic religion, in the same way that Lutheranism is a subset of Christianity.
Regarding the number of practitioners, the ReligiousTolerance.org web page about Vodoun states: "50 million. Estimates of the number of adherents are hopelessly unreliable. Some sources give numbers in the range of 2.8 to 3.2 million." A figure of 50 million is doubtful because this is primarily a Caribbean religious movement and there are only 30 million people in the Caribbean, the majority of whom are clearly self-identified Christians.
In the Americas (especially the Caribbean, Brazil and the United States), there is a large number of people who practice some form of Yoruba diasporan religion, especially forms of Santeria and Vodoun. But it should be noted that many practitioners of Voodoo would name something else, i.e. Catholicism, as their religion. Even those who practice Santeria or Voodoo more often then they practice Catholicism mostly identify themselves as Catholic.
We asked an expert for feedback about our comments on Yoruba religion. Osunmilaya, a practitioner and scholar on the subject wrote:
I would make only a few changes. Instead of the term "Santerian" perhaps the term "ab'orisha," which refers to both initiated and uninitiated devotees, would be more acceptable. Some practitioners don't like the term Santeria at all because it implies that the tradition is a minor, heretical sect of Catholicism.
Vodoun is more properly classified as Dahomean and Fon in origin, not Yoruba. It does not appear in Brazil in the Haitian form, to my admittedly limited knowledge of this tradition. However, some Candomble houses may identify as Dahomean nation.
A critical component of the spiritist influence upon the Yoruba traditions as practiced in the Western hemisphere is the pervasive influence of the BaKongo tradition, known as Palo Monte and Umbanda. What I have seen in practice has a lot of Kardecian influence, but I expect to see what I observed with the Santeria tradition: that as one becomes more immersed into the actual tradition, that the outer layer of Catholicism peels away to reveal a tradition that, in reality, is very much unsyncretized. (See Wande Abimbola's discussion in Ifa Will Mend Our Broken World.)
Osunmilaya's comments are very helpful. The only comment we might add is that there are knowledgeable historians of Yoruba religion in the West who believe Yoruba, in addition to the Dahomean and Fon traditions, played a major role in the development of modern Africa-Haitian religion.
The point about use of the term "Santerian" is an important one to keep in mind. Although "Santeria" is commonly used in comparative religion/academic literature, and it is becoming increasingly accepted among practitioners of the Western Yoruba/Orisha religious tradition, it is a term imposed by outsiders and its etymological roots have meaning that many in the tradition find offensive or at least inaccurate.
Spiritism: According to the 1997 Encyclopedia Britannica Book of the Year, there were 10,292,500 adherents of "Spiritism" in the world. But a recent census from Brazil indicates 15 million professed spiritists (practitioners of Umbanda, for instance), as well as a fringe following (not officially professed, but possibly quite avid) of up to 50 million. But many of those can be classified in the Yoruba religion category. As a newer and somewhat less organized grouping than some other "major religions," accurate numbers for Spiritism are difficult to come by. An estimate of 20 million worldwide seems justifiable--a grouping which would include but not be limited to strictly Kardecian groups. But a worldwide number which eliminated adherents who are primarily Yoruba religionists more so than Spiritists would be smaller, and more in line with the Encyclopedia Britannica estimate. Key aspects of Spiritism, or Spiritualism, are widely accepted in popular society in many countries beyond the bounds of those who are officially adherents of these movements. The boundaries between Spiritism and other categories, especially Christianity (especially Catholic and Baptist), Yoruba religion and primal-indigenous religions, can be quite uncertain.
Sikhism: In the late 1990s the highest estimate we had for the number of Sikhs in the world was 20 million, from www.sikhs.org. Most estimates were between 16 and 18 million. About 80% of the world's Sikhs live in the province of Punjab, in India. Barrett's latest publications estimate 23 million Sikhs worldwide The Sikh homeland is the Punjab, in India, where today Sikhs make up approximately 61% of the population. This is the only place where Sikhs are in the majority. Sikhs have emigrated to countries all over the world - especially to English-speaking and East Asian nations. In doing so they have retained, to an unusually high degree, their distinctive cultural and religious identity.
Sikhs are not ubiquitious worldwide in the way that adherents of larger world religions are, and they remain primarily an ethnic religion. But they can be found in many international cities and have become an especially strong religious presence in the United Kingdom and Canada.
Large National Sikh Communities
| Nation | Number | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| India | 19,000,000 | 2 % |
| United Kingdom | 500,000 | 1 |
| Canada | 225,000 | 0.6 |
| USA | 100,000 | |
| Malaysia | 50,000 | |
| Singapore | 20,000 |
Places With the Highest Percentage
of Sikhs in the Population
| Place | Percent | Number |
|---|---|---|
| Punjab, India | 61.00% | 11,000,000 |
| Haryana, India | 5.81 | 956,836 |
| British Columbia, Canada | 2.30 | 100,000 |
| French Guiana | 2.00 | 1,200 |
| Rajasthan, India | 1.48 | 649,174 |
| Himachal Pradesh, India | 1.01 | 400,000 |
| United Kingdom | 1.00 | 500,000 |
| Alberta, Canada | 0.54 | 13,600 |
| Ontario, Canada | 0.50 | 50,100 |
| Fiji | 0.50 | 4,000 |
| Uttar Pradesh, India | 0.49 | 675,775 |
| Manitoba, Canada | 0.32 | 3,500 |
Juche
juche is the only government-authorized ideology in North Korea, to the point of excluding all other religions. "Juche" means "self-reliance" in the Korean language. Some writers cited in the Adherents.com database (under "Juche" as well as "Kimilsungism") classify Juche as a North Korean form of Marxist Communism. Juche began in the 1950s and is the official philosophy promulgated by the North Korean government and educational system. Its promoters describe Juche as simply a secular, ethical philosophy and not a religion. But, from a sociological viewpoint Juche is clearly a religion, and in many ways is even more overtly religious than Soviet-era Communism or Chinese Maoism.Some other religions which exist substantially only within a single country have been excluded from this list of "Major Religions of the World." It is true that Juche has only a nominal presence outside of North Korea. But it has so many adherents, is so influential in their lives, and is so different from any other religious system, that including it on this list may be necessary in order to accurately reflect the total world religious economy. As with the other religions listed here, inclusion on this list does not constitute endorsement, merely recognition of Juche as a statistically significant distinct religion.
Other than geographic isolation, the other argument for excluding Juche from this list of major religions would be that it is not a completely independent system, but rather than a subset of Communism. (For numerical purposes, Communists who are not adherents of an established religion are included in the "Secular" category above.) The North Korean system is historically derived, in large part, from Soviet and Chinese Communism; during the 1960s there would have been no reason to draw any distinctions. But today's Juche has developed into a distinct, unique system, and has officially repudiated its Marxist-Leninist roots. While we recognize there may be validity in continued classification of Juche as a highly "heretical" subset of Communism or general secularism, it seems that, on balance, to do so today is no more accurate than continuing to classify Buddhism as a Hindu sect. Revision to the status of Juche on this list may be forthcoming pending further research and developments.
Judaism: Estimates of the world's Jewish population range from about 12 million to over 17 million. On the high end of realistic estimates of how many people would consider themselves Jews seems to be about 15 million, but a figure this high would include a large number of non-practicing, purely ethnic Jews. Judaism is far more important in areas such as history, literature, science, politics, and religion, than its relatively small numbers might suggest. The American Jewish Year Book published in 2000 by the American Jewish Committee, reports there are currently 5.7 million Jews in the United States, 362,000 in Canada, and 13,191,500 worldwide.
Top 10 Largest National Jewish Populations
| Rank | Nation | Number |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | USA | 5,602,000 |
| 2 | Israel | 4,390,000 |
| 3 | Russia | 1,450,000 |
| 4 | France | 640,000 |
| 5 | Canada | 350,000 |
| 6 | United Kingdom | 320,000 |
| 7 | Argentina | 250,000 |
| 8 | Brazil | 150,000 |
| 9 | Australia | 92,000 |
| 10 | South Africa | 70,000 |
Top 10 U.S. States With Highest Proportion
of Jews in the Population, 1995
(including nonreligious cultural/ethnic Jews)
| Rank | State | Percent | Number |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | New York | 9.10% | 1,654,000 |
| 2 | New Jersey | 5.50 | 436,000 |
| 3 | Florida | 4.60 | 641,000 |
| 4 | Washington, D.C. | 4.50 | 2,000 |
| 5 | Massachusetts | 4.40 | 268,000 |
| 6 | Maryland | 4.20 | 211,000 |
| 7 | Connecticut | 3.00 | 97,000 |
| 8 | California | 2.90 | 922,000 |
| 9 | Pennsylvania | 2.70 | 330,000 |
| 10 | Illinois | 2.30 | 268,000 |
Table: "Christian Church Adherents, 1990, and Jewish Population, 1995 - States"; "The Jewish population includes Jews who define themselves as Jewish by religion as well as those who define themselves as Jewish in cultural terms. Data... based primarily on a compilation of individual estimates made by local Jewish federations."
Top 10 U.S. States With Highest Proportion
of Jews in the Population, 1990
(religious self-identification)
| Rank | State | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | New York | 6.90% |
| 2 | New Jersey | 4.30 |
| 3 | Florida | 3.60 |
| 4 | Massachusetts | 3.50 |
| 5 | Maryland | 2.80 |
| 6 | Connecticut | 2.40 |
| 7 | California | 2.30 |
| 8 | Washington, D.C. | 2.30 |
| 9 | Colorado | 1.80 |
| 10 | Pennsylvania | 1.70 |
Figures represent results of the National Survey of Religious Identification, phone survey a nationwide sample of 113,000 respondents, conducted by the City University of New York. The question asks people to name their religion, and likely missed "secular Jews" who identify with the Jewish heritage but don't consider Judaism to be their religion.
Top 10 U.S. States with Largest Jewish Populations, 1993
(Religiously Affiliated Jews)
| Rank | State | Population |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | New York | 1,844,000 |
| 2 | California | 909,000 |
| 3 | Florida | 585,000 |
| 4 | New Jersey | 411,000 |
| 5 | Pennsylvania | 346,000 |
| 6 | Massachusetts | 276,000 |
| 7 | Illinois | 258,000 |
| 8 | Maryland | 210,000 |
| 9 | Ohio | 131,000 |
| 10 | Texas | 107,000 |
Cities with the Largest
Jewish Population in the Diaspora
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As with most religious groups, organizationally reported adherent counts include significant numbers of nominal members, or people who no longer actively participate, yet still identify themselves as adherents. There are valid arguments that some of the "mass conversions" have resulted in adherents with little or no acculturation into the new religious system. As is typical with a religious group made up primarily of converts, Baha'is who drift from active participation in the movement are less likely to retain nominal identification with the religion -- because it was not the religion of their parents or the majority religion of the surrounding culture. On the other hand, there are no countries in which people are automatically assigned to the Baha'i Faith at birth (as is the case with Islam, Christianity, Shinto, Buddhism, and other faiths), so their numbers aren't inflated with people who have never willingly participated in or been influenced by the religion while adults.
On balance, while official Baha'i figures are not a measure of active participants, the proportion of participating adherents among claimed adherents is thought to be higher than average among the "major religions" on this list. The Baha'i community is remarkably active and influential in religious matters on both global and local levels, especially given their relatively small numbers compared to some other religions
Top 20 Largest National Baha'i Populations
| Country | Number of Baha'is | Percent of Country's Pop. |
|---|---|---|
| India | 1,716,148 | 0.17% |
| USA | 753,423 | 0.27% |
| Iran | 463,151 | 0.69% |
| Viet Nam | 356,133 | 0.45% |
| Kenya | 308,292 | 1.02% |
| Bolivia | 269,246 | 3.25% |
| South Africa | 255,775 | 0.59% |
| Philippines | 229,522 | 0.29% |
| Congo (Zaire) | 224,596 | 0.43% |
| Zambia | 162,443 | 1.70% |
| Thailand | 144,243 | 0.23% |
| Venezuela | 141,072 | 0.58% |
| Tanzania | 140,593 | 0.40% |
| Malaysia | 97,078 | 0.42% |
| Chad | 80,683 | 1.01% |
| Myanmar | 79,044 | 0.16% |
| Pakistan | 78,658 | 0.05% |
| Uganda | 66,546 | 0.29% |
| Colombia | 64,758 | 0.16% |
| Cameroon | 64,286 | 0.42% |
Top 20 Most Baha'i Countries -
Countries with the Highest Proportion of Baha'is in the Population
| Country | Number of Baha'is | Percent of Country's Pop. |
|---|---|---|
| Nauru | 1,106 | 9.22% |
| Tonga | 6,582 | 6.09% |
| Tuvalu | 580 | 5.86% |
| Kiribati | 4,321 | 4.70% |
| Tokelau Islands | 65 | 4.33% |
| Cocos Islands | 27 | 3.72% |
| Bolivia | 269,246 | 3.25% |
| Falkland Islands | 67 | 2.98% |
| Vanuatu | 5,418 | 2.78% |
| Belize | 6,941 | 2.73% |
| Samoa | 4,178 | 2.37% |
| Guyana | 14,584 | 2.09% |
| United Arab Emirates | 55,214 | 1.95% |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 3,011 | 1.88% |
| Mauritius | 21,848 | 1.84% |
| Zambia | 162,443 | 1.70% |
| Dominica | 1,225 | 1.61% |
| Micronesia | 1,909 | 1.61% |
| Niue Island | 29 | 1.53% |
| Marshall Islands | 1,023 | 1.50% |
Jainism:
The highest published figure we've seen for Jainism is 10 million, but this is clearly incorrect. Almost all estimates for the world population are under 5 million. This religion is almost entirely confined to India and to ethnic Jains. It's importance historically and philosophically far outstrips its relatively small number of adherents
Jains live primarily in India. Some Jains have emigrated to other countries, such as the United States and Canada. There are more Jain temples and groups in the United States than in any other country outside India.
Below is a list of all fifty U.S. states, and counts of how many Jain temples, if any, are in each. Many of these are shared Hindu/Jain temples, and the name given may be for the Jain group attached to the temple, and not the actual temple itself. This is only a list of temples; there are additional Jain societies, centers and groups in the U.S. without a temple.
| State | Population | Number of temples | Temples |
|---|---|---|---|
| California | 29,760,021 | 2 | San Jose: Jain Center of Northern California Buena Park: Jain Center of Southern California |
| New York | 17,990,455 | 5 | Elmhurst: Jain Center of America Crefzille: Jain Society of Buffalo Londonville: Jain Society of Capital District, Albany NY Pittsford: Jain Society of Rochester Plainview: Jain Center of Long Island |
| Texas | 16,986,510 | 2 | Houston: Jain Society of Houston Richardson: Jain Society of North Texas |
| Florida | 12,937,926 | 1 | West Palm Beach: Jain Society of Southern Florida |
| Pennsylvania | 11,881,643 | 2 | Monroeville: Jain Center of Pittsburgh Allentown: Jain Sangh of Allentown |
| Illinois | 11,430,602 | 1 | Bartlett: Jain Society of Metropolitan Chicago |
| Ohio | 10,847,115 | 1 | Cincinnati: Jain Center of Cincinnati and Dayton |
| Michigan | 9,295,297 | 1 | Farmington Hills: Jain Society of Greater Detroit |
| New Jersey | 7,730,188 | 3 | Essex Fall: Jain Society of New Jersey Blairstown: Siddhachalam/International Mahavir Jain Mission Pennsauken: The Jain Sangh of New Jersey |
| North Carolina | 6,628,637 | 2 | Morrisville: Jain Study Center of N. Carolina (Raleigh) Charlotte: Jain Study Group of Charlotte |
| Georgia | 6,478,216 | 2 | Augusta: Hindu Temple Society of Augusta (Hindu/Jain) Atlanta: Jain Group of Atlanta |
| Virginia | 6,187,358 | -- | -- |
| Massachusetts | 6,016,425 | 1 | Wellesley: Jain Center of Greater Boston |
| Indiana | 5,544,159 | -- | -- |
| Missouri | 5,117,073 | -- | -- |
| Wisconsin | 4,891,769 | -- | -- |
| Tennessee | 4,877,185 | -- | -- |
| Washington | 4,866,692 | -- | -- |
| Maryland | 4,781,468 | 1 | Silver Springs: Jain Society of Metropolitan Washington |
| Minnesota | 4,375,099 | 1 | Minneapolis: Jain Center of Minnesota |
| Louisiana | 4,219,973 | -- | -- |
| Alabama | 4,040,587 | -- | -- |
| Kentucky | 3,685,296 | -- | -- |
| Arizona | 3,665,228 | -- | -- |
| South Carolina | 3,486,703 | 1 | Simonville: Jain Group of Greenville |
| Colorado | 3,294,394 | -- | -- |
| Connecticut | 3,287,116 | -- | -- |
| Oklahoma | 3,145,585 | -- | -- |
| Oregon | 2,842,321 | -- | -- |
| Iowa | 2,776,755 | -- | -- |
| Mississippi | 2,573,216 | -- | -- |
| Kansas | 2,477,574 | -- | -- |
| Arkansas | 2,350,725 | -- | -- |
| West Virginia | 1,793,477 | -- | -- |
| Utah | 1,722,850 | -- | -- |
| Nebraska | 1,578,385 | -- | -- |
| New Mexico | 1,515,069 | -- | -- |
| Maine | 1,227,928 | -- | -- |
| Nevada | 1,201,833 | -- | -- |
| New Hampshire | 1,109,252 | -- | -- |
| Hawaii | 1,108,229 | -- | -- |
| Idaho | 1,006,749 | -- | -- |
| Rhode Island | 1,003,464 | -- | -- |
| Montana | 799,065 | -- | -- |
| South Dakota | 696,004 | -- | -- |
| Delaware | 666,168 | -- | -- |
| North Dakota | 638,800 | -- | -- |
| District of Columbia | 606,900 | -- | -- |
| Vermont | 562,758 | -- | -- |
| Alaska | 550,043 | -- | -- |
| Wyoming | 453,588 | -- | -- |
Jain Centers
The following table indicates which states have one or more Jain center, society or group (they may or may not have a temple), according to the JAINA web site (August 15, 1999).| State | Population | Jain Temple? |
|---|---|---|
| California | 29,760,021 |  |
| New York | 17,990,455 | |
| Texas | 16,986,510 | |
| Florida | 12,937,926 | |
| Pennsylvania | 11,881,643 | |
| Illinois | 11,430,602 | |
| Ohio | 10,847,115 | |
| Michigan | 9,295,297 | |
| New Jersey | 7,730,188 | |
| North Carolina | 6,628,637 | |
| Georgia | 6,478,216 | |
| Virginia | 6,187,358 | |
| Massachusetts | 6,016,425 | |
| Indiana | 5,544,159 | |
| Missouri | 5,117,073 | |
| Wisconsin | 4,891,769 | |
| Tennessee | 4,877,185 | |
| Washington | 4,866,692 | -- |
| Maryland | 4,781,468 | |
| Minnesota | 4,375,099 | |
| Louisiana | 4,219,973 | |
| Alabama | 4,040,587 | -- |
| Kentucky | 3,685,296 | -- |
| Arizona | 3,665,228 | |
| South Carolina | 3,486,703 | -- |
| Colorado | 3,294,394 | -- |
| Connecticut | 3,287,116 | |
| Oklahoma | 3,145,585 | |
| Oregon | 2,842,321 | |
| Iowa | 2,776,755 | -- |
| Mississippi | 2,573,216 | -- |
| Kansas | 2,477,574 | -- |
| Arkansas | 2,350,725 | -- |
| West Virginia | 1,793,477 | |
| Utah | 1,722,850 | -- |
| Nebraska | 1,578,385 | -- |
| New Mexico | 1,515,069 | -- |
| Maine | 1,227,928 | -- |
| Nevada | 1,201,833 | -- |
| New Hampshire | 1,109,252 | -- |
| Hawaii | 1,108,229 | -- |
| Idaho | 1,006,749 | -- |
| Rhode Island | 1,003,464 | -- |
| Montana | 799,065 | -- |
| South Dakota | 696,004 | -- |
| Delaware | 666,168 | -- |
| North Dakota | 638,800 | -- |
| Vermont | 562,758 | -- |
| Alaska | 550,043 | -- |
| Wyoming | 453,588 | -- |
Jain centers are in 25 of the 50 U.S. states. As is typical with recent immigrant groups, Jains centers tend to be only in major metropolitan areas, where enough Jain families live to form a center. Few Jain centers exist in the less populated areas of the U.S., especially in the Western states.
Shinto: Shinto is one of the "classic" eleven or twelve "major world religions." But adherent counts for this religion are problematic and often misunderstood. In a nutshell, Shinto is simply the indigenous ethnic practice of Japan and its importance is almost entirely historical and cultural, not contemporary. The number of adherents of Shinto are often reported as being around 100 million, or around 75 to 90% of the Japanese population. These figures come from the Shukyo Nenkan (Religions Yearbook), put out by the Ministry of Education & Bureau of Statistics, and they obtain their figures by asking religious bodies for statistics. The Shinto religious bodies have on record most Japanese citizens because of laws established in the 17th Century which required registration with the Shinto shrines. Essentially everybody within local "shrine districts" were counted as adherents. This is comparable to certain Catholic and Protestant nations in Europe where the majority of people have been Christianed or otherwise counted as a member of the state church, but where large proportions of the population are non-practicing.
The difference is that in those European countries, those people are at least nominally adherents of the religion that claims them. "Nominally" here means if asked their religion, they can recall the name of the church they were baptized into as an infant, and don't mind citing that as their religious preference. In Japan, the majority of adherents of Shinto, as claimed by the Shinto organizations, don't even consider themselves adherents, even nominally. In polls, only about 3.3% of the Japanese people give Shinto as their religion. A high world-wide figure for people who consider themselves primarily practitioners of Shinto would be about 4 million. Certainly most Japanese people participate in holidays which have Shinto roots, but in this list we are trying to track self-identification, not general vestigial influence. Also, the strongest active religions which have Shinto roots (such as Tenrikyo) no longer claim to be "branches" of Shinto, and can be listed separately.
Zoroastrianism: This religion is in every major comparative religion text book, yet during the 1990s and for a few years thereafter it was actually listed in the Guiness Book of World Records as the "major religion nearest extinction." The Zoroastrians (or "Parsis") are sometimes credited with being the first monotheists and having had significant influence in the formation of current, larger world religions. To whatever degree that is true, some observers believed Zoroastrianism was in a precarious state and its position as a "major" contemporary world religion was tenuous. Prior to some increased reforms, most Zoroastrians did not believe in allowing conversion. They had even stricter rules than Jews about whether or not children of mixed marriages would be considered Zoroastrians. Until about 2002, most published estimates for the world total of Zoroastrians were 100 to 125 thousand. More recent publications of many major encyclopedias an world alamanacs include population estimates of 2 to 3.5 million. The government of India has actively encouraged the growth of its Zoroastrian population. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 and subsequent U.S.-led intervention in the Middle East, the Parsees of Iran, Iraq, Pakistan and Afghanistan have been receiving less persecution than before, and have been less reticent about identifying themselves, and there seems to be an increased respect for and interest in this classical Persian religion which was once one of the largest in the world. The current estimate posted on this page of millions of Zoroastrians in the world (rather than 100,000 to 150,000) is still under evaluation. The number does not represent an exponential explosion the number of actual Zoroastrians (although there has been some growth in numbers), but is a result of re-evaluation of the existing population. The majority of the world's Zoroastrians are Parsees who now thought to live in the Middle East. Years of suppression under Muslim-dominated cultures and governments has doubtless led to erosion in some aspects of their community, relative to their co-religionists in India and even among expatriate populations in places such as the United States and the United Kingdom - places with far greater levels of continuous religious freedom.
Cao Dai: Most of the figures for this group are around 2 million, but we've seen some that say around 8 million. It's almost entirely a Vietnamese movement, and not even as important there as it used to be. The official Cao Dai website states that there are about 6 million adherents worldwide, and elsewhere states that there are 5 million in Vietnam, but points out that the religion is largely paralyzed there due to repression by the government.
Tenrikyo: The description of Tenrikyo on the Tenrikyo University website (http://www.tenri-u.ac.jp/en/history/tenrikyo.html) states: "Tenrikyo has spread throughout Japan and also to various countries around the world. At present, there are about two million followers and more than 17,000 churches. Moreover, churches and mission centers have been established in about 30 countries around the world." It has missions all over the world and a strong evangelical ethic. Outside of Japan the countries with the most adherents seem to be the U.S. (especially Hawaii), South Korea, Brazil, and Taiwan, although only in Japan do Tenris make up an appreciable proportion of a country's total population. In January 1999 Tenrikyo published country-by-country statistics showing nearly 1,000 churches or mission stations outside of Japan (in over 30 different countries), and over 37,000 in Japan. These figures dwarf the international statistics of some "classical world religions," such as Zoroastrianism and Jainism.
Tenrikyo is probably one of the largest, most fully-developed independent modern religious systems which most Westerners know nothing about. Tenrikyo offers impressive opportunities for sociological, historical and comparative religion research which are relatively unexplored by the academic community. One of the most famous modern adherents of Tenrikyo was the author Avram Davidson
Top 10 Countries with Largest Tenrikyo Communities, 1999
(based on total number of churches, mission posts, etc. in 1999)
| Country | Churches, Mission Posts, etc. | Besseki Pledges in 1999 |
|---|---|---|
| Japan | 37,523 | 20,289 |
| Brazil | 383 | 104 |
| USA | 204 | 80 |
| South Korea | 152 | 368 |
| Taiwan | 78 | 812 |
| Canada | 15 | 5 |
| Argentina | 12 | 6 |
| Thailand | 12 | 71 |
| Mexico | 8 | 3 |
| Australia | 8 | 6 |
| France | 8 | 4 |
It may also be noted that 78 peopl took the Besseki pledge in China in 1999, but the newsletter did not report the numbers of branches, churches, etc. in China.
Top 10 Countries with Largest Tenrikyo Communities, 1998
| Country | Churches, Mission Posts, etc. | Besseki Pledges in 1998 |
|---|---|---|
| Japan | 37,719 | 23,247 |
| Brazil | 388 | 258 |
| USA | 199 | 109 |
| South Korea | 150 | 228 |
| Taiwan | 79 | 872 |
| Canada | 15 | 17 |
| Argentina | 12 | 3 |
| Thailand | 11 | 48 |
| Mexico | 10 | 6 |
| Australia | 8 | 9 |
| France | 8 | 6 |
The latest edition of the organization's publication What Is Scientology? lists 373 churches and missions (plus hundreds of "related organizations" which are not directly comparable to congregations) in 129 countries. (Four new countries, for a total of 133, have been opened since the publication of the book, according to a church spokesperson.) According to church officials, this publication states that in 1997 the number of people who participated in Scientology services for the first time was 642,596 internationally and that the circulation of internal Church magazines which are sent to their members was 6,630,000. Hartley Patterson, a critic of Scientology, has speculated that the circulation figure may be based on the total press run for three publications.
Adherents.com has no argument with Scientology statistics, but for the purposes of this list of "Major Religions of the World Ranked by Size," we use a different standard of counting adherents than they have used to arrive at their 8 million figure. (Figures presented here are generally estimates of primary, self-identified religious affiliation.) There are not 8 million people who, if taking a survey, would name Scientology as their religious preference. One might generously estimate up to one million worldwide, but the actual number who would fit this criterion is probably under a half million. Adding up organizationally-reported membership on a state-by-state, country-by-country basis would yield a current membership figure of about 750,000, according to a church critic. As with all religions, the complete body of adherents represent a spectrum of participation, including fully active members as well as non-attending or disengaged sympathizers.
Realistically, a figure lower than 750,000 seems be more reasonable for this page's listing. Some documents suggest that even the tabulation of 750,000 based on country-by-country/state-by-state organizationally-provided data is quite out of date. Internal documents suggest 100,000 active members -- which would easily yield an estimate of a total of 600,000 or more, including one-time members, lapsed members, and strong supporters.
This might cause some people to think the church's figures are inaccurate, or it might seem like we are being harsh to ignore their figure and estimate such a low one. To put these figures into perspective, compare them to those of other major religions. There is no reason to believe that less than 8 million people have willingly participated in Scientology activities and actively studied at least some of its teachings. Large numbers of people have derived benefit from participation in church activities and church-sponsored programs. But people rarely call themselves Scientologists mainly because their parents don't call themselves Scientologists. Membership in the Church of Scientology does not necessarily preclude membership in another religious organization. A percentage of the claimed members will indeed affirm membership in the organization, while at the same time citing another religion as their primary religious preference.
If one eliminated from the total number of Christians in the world all those who are counted as Christians only because they identify themselves as such in a survey or census, even though they never actually attend Christian services, study Christian literature, or make behavioral changes based on Christian teachings beyond general societal norms, one might obtain a similar downgrade in actual number of effective adherents.
Despite such a "downgrade" from official Church of Scientology estimates, it may be noted that in a recent large-scale independent survey of religious identification (NSRI, Barry Kosmin et al, City University of New York 1990), enough people in the United States named Scientology as religion that it was among the top 10 largest religions in the country, with more members than the Baha'i Faith, Sikhism or Neo-Pagan/Wiccan groups. Independent sources indicate that the strongest communities of Scientologists are in California and the United Kingdom, as well as in Clearwater, Florida (where the main training center is located).
Some people have commented on the fact that this page lists an estimate of 500,000 (previously 750,000) Scientologists worldwide, while the Religion in the U.S. web page refers to 45,000 Scientologists in the U.S. Some people have mistakenly concluded that this means the overwhelming majority of Scientologists live outside the U.S., or that one of the figures is simply "wrong." The two figures are not directly comparable. Simply put, these two figures are from different sources and are based on different methodologies and critera. The U.S. figure of 45,000 comes directly from the Kosmin NSRI survey of 1990. The worldwide figure is as a conglomerate figure, using different criteria (as explained elsewhere on this page), based on official organizational as well as critical sources. The larger figure would include lapsed members, as well as people who are are adherents of Scientology, but also identify with another religious group, and name that group in a survey or census.Unitarian-Universalism: Being completely opposed to fixed doctrine (which they refer to as "dogma"), but affirming certain principles, the Unitarian Universalists (or simply "Unitarians" as they prefer to be called in some countries) are quite different from other major religions. Since 1995 the primary UU organization has affirmed officially that it is not a subset of Christianity (although its roots are Christian), but encompasses spirituality from all the major world religions as well as primal-indigenous/tribal faiths. But it should be kept in mind that there are self-avowed Christian Unitarians, Buddhist Unitarians, Pagan Unitarians, etc. In 1990, 500,000 Americans claimed to be Unitarian-Universalists, three times the official organizational count of enrolled members, loosely indicating that Unitarian-Universalism is the general preferred philosophy of far more people than actually participate in or contribute to the congregations and organizations
Top 10 U.S. states with highest percentage of
affiliated Unitarian Universalists in the population, 1990
| State | Number of Members | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| Massachusetts | 35,787 | 0.59% |
| New Hampshire | 4,189 | 0.38 |
| Vermont | 2,056 | 0.37 |
| Maine | 4,152 | 0.34 |
| Delaware | 1,453 | 0.22 |
| Rhode Island | 1,661 | 0.17 |
| Maryland | 6,255 | 0.13 |
| Minnesota | 5,669 | 0.13 |
| Connecticut | 4,167 | 0.13 |
| Oregon | 3,252 | 0.11 |
Top 10 U.S. states with most
affiliated Unitarian Universalists, 1990
| State | Number of Members | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| Massachusetts | 35,787 | 0.59% |
| California | 14,740 | 0.05 |
| New York | 13,648 | 0.08 |
| Illinois | 8,194 | 0.07 |
| Ohio | 6,531 | 0.06 |
| Pennsylvania | 6,455 | 0.05 |
| Maryland | 6,255 | 0.13 |
| Virginia | 6,119 | 0.10 |
| Texas | 5,843 | 0.03 |
| Minnesota | 5,669 | 0.13 |
States on both lists (Highest Number and Highest Percent): Massachusetts, Minnesota.
Top 10 U.S. States with Highest Proportion of
Unitarian Universalists
(self identification), 1990
| State | Percent |
|---|---|
| Vermont | 1.10% |
| New Hampshire | 0.90 |
| Massachusetts | 0.80 |
| Colorado | 0.70 |
| Maine | 0.60 |
| Nebraska | 0.50 |
| Washington | 0.50 |
| California | 0.40 |
| Idaho | 0.40 |
| Illinois | 0.40 |
| Kansas | 0.40 |
| Minnesota | 0.40 |
| Oregon | 0.40 |
| Rhode Island | 0.40 |
Figures are based on self-identification of religious loyalty, using representative sample of 113,000 people in phone interviews, conducted by City University of New York. Respondents were asked to name their religious preference; this does not necessarily mean they are on church rolls.
It should be noted that even with such a large national sample size, the total number of Unitarian Universalists was so small that for some states with small populations, the estimated proportion was based on a statistically unreliable number of respondents. For these smaller states, the estimated proportion of adherents in the state population may not be accurate.
What probably is reliable from the Kosmin data is that it verifies the relatively higher proportion of Unitarian Universalists in the state populations of Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Maine. These four states are among the top 5 states with the highest proportion of UUers on both the Glenmary (organizational reporting) and Kosmin (self-identification) lists.
Interestingly enough, in 1990 about three times as many Americans said they were Unitarian Universalists as were actually on organization rolls for the same year. Apparently a large group of Americans consider themselves in some way to be Unitarian Universalists, but are not officially affiliated with the organization. It is probably that their financial and manpower contributions, if any, are minimal to the Unitarian Universalist Association. But their self-identification as members should not be discounted as it may indicate such things as continuing denominational loyalty or empathy with general UU philosophy.
Rastafarian: Because of the loosely-organized structure of Rastafarianism, and because many Rastafarians are nominal but non-participating members of larger religious groups, precise size estimates are difficult. We've seen total world estimates of about 200,000. We've seen an estimate of 700,000 in a couple of places. Leonard E. Barrett, author of The Rastafarians, estimates there are 800,000 Rastas worldwide, more than 2 million if one counts followers of the lifestyle but not the faith. Based on other data we believe a figure as high as this would have to include many Jamaicans who are strong Rastafarian supporters or enthusiasts, but who are also at least partially or nominally adherents of mainstream Protestant and Catholic denominations as well.
There are multiple reasons why Rastafarians are typically not counted as one of the major world religions: They are relatively new, having originated only in this century. They aren't particularly widespread worldwide. (They are mostly in Caribbean nations, esp. Jamaica, as well as the United Kingdom and the U.S.) They are sometimes classified as a Christian sect because they use the Bible as their primary religious text (but they generally use the Hebrew Bible). They are smaller than religious groups usually listed as "major world religions."
Neo-Paganism: Neo-Paganism is an umbrella term for modern revivals of ancient ethnic and magickal traditions. These are usually polytheistic, but many Neo-Pagans consider their faith pantheistic, and many other concepts of deity can be found among Neo-Pagans as well. Subdivisions within Neo-Paganism include Wicca, Magick, Druidism, Asatru, neo-Native American religion and others.
Only recently has Neo-Paganism become a movement of any significant size and visibility. Solid statistics on Neo-Paganism on a worldwide scale are essentially non-existent, but it is a rapidly growing religion/religious category. Estimates regarding its worldwide size range widely--from under one hundred thousand to over four million. Independent surveys and government-based figures are not indicative of the higher estimates provided by Neo-Pagan and Wiccan organizations, but there may be a variety of reasons for this.
There are two reasons why some might argue that Neo-Paganism should not be listed as a major religion on this page: 1) It might be said that Neo-Paganism is not a single religion, but an umbrella term for many disparate religions. But upon closer examination of the movement, one finds that despite drawing upon such disparate sources as European witchcraft, Norse mythology, Druidism, and Egyptian, Greek, and Native American ancient religions, Neo-Pagans as a whole have a remarkably cohesive, identifiable culture and generally shared value set, even more so than religions such as Christianity, Islam or Judaism when taken as a whole. 2) It could also be said that Neo-Paganism could be classified as a subset of primal-indigenous religion. Though it has roots in primal ethnic religions, Neo-Paganism is something distinct, clearly drawing much of its identity from Gardnerian principles introduced in the 1930s. Neo-Paganism is distinct from the primal ethnic religions of ancient pre-industrial societies just as Buddhism has roots in, but is distinct from, Hinduism. So we are including Neo-Paganism on this list because the most recent sociological work in the field indicates it is a distinct religion, and because it is increasingly significant.
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